1,000,000 AD
Planet-sized
computer systems dominate the Native Group; humanity’s descendants are a Kind 3 civilisation on the Kardashev scale
Purely
organic (non-cyborg) people are exceedingly uncommon now. The only a few
which do stay comprise solely a tiny fraction of the entire sentient
minds in existence. Although free to come back and go as they please, they
have virtually zero affect in any governmental methods on Earth
or elsewhere, being considered wholly subordinate to AIs and different
entities. As a species, homo sapiens has continued to evolve
over time. This has led to a rise in cranial dimension, a near-total
absence of hair, an elongation of limbs, a extra strong and succesful immune
system, and elevated lifespan.
The huge
majority of people have lengthy since deserted these primitive organic
types, making the transition to machines or different substrates and reaching
sensible immortality. Your entire Milky Manner galaxy has been explored
by these transhumans and their sentient ships.
Sooner-than-light
journey is now potential utilizing Alcubierre drives, that are compact and
miniaturised sufficient to be present in even private, single-occupancy vessels.
These use such colossal quantities of energy that they trigger the material
of area forward of a ship to contract, whereas the area behind it expands.
This bypasses the legal guidelines of relativity, permitting journey to even neighbouring
galaxies corresponding to M31 (Andromeda) and M33 (Triangulum).
Planet-sized
computer systems are being constructed all through the Native Group of galaxies,
with each out there useful resource going in the direction of their manufacturing. All of
the “useless” worlds, comets, moons and asteroids thought of
uninhabitable are being transformed into these machines, forming an enormous
community hundreds of thousands of sunshine years throughout area. Every pc is succesful
of on the spot communications with some other, no matter distance.
A
variety of alien intelligences have been contacted by now. As well as,
historic ruins have been uncovered on some worlds, indicating superior
civilisations that by some means failed or destroyed themselves within the distant
previous. Thousands and thousands of different planets have been found to have ecosystems
brimming with plant, animal, and different life. Many of the
fauna being catalogued is small and insect-like, however some is extra developed
with intelligence corresponding to increased mammals corresponding to dolphins, monkeys
and cats.
© Randall Mikulas | Dreamstime.com
1,400,000
AD
The Oort cloud is being disrupted by the method of Gliese 710
The orange
dwarf star, Gliese 710, is passing inside 1.1 mild years (70,000 AU)
of the Solar. That is shut sufficient to disrupt the Oort Cloud surrounding
our photo voltaic system. A bathe of comets is now heading in-system. At its
closest method, Gliese 710 can be a first-magnitude star when seen
from Earth: one of many brightest within the evening sky.
2,000,000 AD
Pioneer 10 is approaching the Aldebaran system
Pioneer
10 was the primary area probe to journey by means of the asteroid belt and
to immediately observe Jupiter, which it handed by in 1973. After finishing
its mission, it started heading within the course of Aldebaran – a pink
big star situated 65 mild years away within the constellation Taurus.
The ultimate
contact with the probe was made in 2003, when a really weak sign was
detected from the craft, 12 billion kilometers (7.5 billion miles) from
Earth. An try at contact in 2006 was unsuccessful.
After travelling
at roughly 2.6 AU per 12 months, Pioneer 10 begins to method the Aldebaran
system in 2,000,000 AD.*
Connected
to the probe is a pictorial message, in case of interception by extraterrestrial
life. This plaque exhibits the nude figures of a human female and male,
together with symbols which can be designed to supply details about the
origin of the spacecraft.
3,000,000 AD
Earth’s day has been lengthened by one minute
Incremental adjustments within the gravitational interplay between Earth and the Moon added an additional second to Earth’s day by 52,000 AD. This has elevated to an additional minute by 3,000,000 AD.* It is going to enhance to at least one hour by 180,000,000 AD.
4,000,000 AD
Pioneer 11 is approaching the Lambda Aquilae system
Pioneer
11 is the sister craft of Pioneer 10. Launched in 1973, it accomplished
a profitable flyby of Saturn in 1979, earlier than heading out to interstellar
area, travelling in the wrong way of Pioneer 10. After 4
million years, it passes by Lambda Aquilae, a blue-white B-type important
sequence dwarf star, round 125 mild years from Earth.* Like its sister, Pioneer 11 carries a plaque with a message from humankind.
3D map of stars inside 125 mild years of Earth. Credit score: http://www.parvarium.com/stars/
6,800,000 AD
DNA from the twenty first century has fully decayed
Even when preserved underneath ultimate storage situations of −5°C, each molecular bond in a strand of DNA will decay after 6.8 million years. Any remaining organic samples from the twenty first century which haven’t been recovered or digitised are actually fully destroyed.*
7,200,000 AD
Mount Rushmore has eroded away
Absent human intervention, the well-known faces of Presidents carved within the aspect of this rock formation have disappeared by now. Granite has an erosion charge of roughly one inch per 10,000 years.*
7,600,000 AD
Phobos is ripped aside by Mars’ gravity
Phobos
is the biggest and closest of the 2 moons of Mars. As a result of its orbital
interval is shorter than a Martian day, tidal deceleration has been reducing
its orbital radius on the charge of about 20 metres (66 ft) per century.
By this
date, it has handed the Roche restrict – the gap inside which a celestial
physique, held collectively solely by its personal gravity, will disintegrate because of
a second physique’s tidal forces exceeding the primary’s gravitational self-attraction.
Phobos
begins to interrupt aside. It steadily turns into a hoop system over the next
3 million years, with many of those fragments impacting upon Mars itself.*
Neptune’s
largest moon – Triton – will share the same
destiny.
Credit score: NASA
/ JPL
8,400,000 AD
LAGEOS-1 returns to Earth
Laser Geodynamics Satellites (LAGEOS) have been a pair of scientific analysis satellites launched within the late twentieth century and designed to supply an orbiting laser ranging benchmark for geodynamical research. Every was a excessive density passive laser reflector in a really steady medium Earth orbit (MEO), roughly 5,900 kilometres (3,700 mi) in altitude.
These spacecraft have been aluminium-covered brass spheres with diameters of 60cm and weighing roughly 400kg, coated with cube-corner retroreflectors, giving them the looks of big golf balls. That they had no on-board sensors or electronics, and no perspective management. Measurements have been made by transmitting pulsed laser beams from floor stations to the satellites. The laser beams returned to Earth after hitting the reflecting surfaces.
Because of the stability of their orbits, the LAGEOS satellites made it potential to find out positions on the Earth with ultra-high accuracy: higher than one inch in 1000’s of miles. On the time, this made them probably the most exact location references out there. As such, they have been used for monitoring the motion of the Earth’s tectonic plates, gravitational subject, the “wobble” in its axis of rotation, and for figuring out the precise size of an Earth day.
Nevertheless, these satellites would fall again to Earth ultimately. LAGEOS-1 was predicted to re-enter the ambiance in 8,400,000 AD. It contained a plaque, designed to permit future descendants of people to view the association of Earth’s continents prior to now, current and future.*
10,000,000 AD
Earth is being threatened by deadly ranges of gamma radiation
T Pyxidis
is a binary star system within the constellation Pyxis. It comprises a sun-like
star and a white dwarf. Due to the robust gravitational impact of
the white dwarf, it attracts matter from the opposite star which causes periodic
thermonuclear explosions (so-called novae) to happen.
Round
this time, it reaches the so-called Chandrasekhar Restrict, inflicting it
to bear an instantaneous collapse that fully destroys the star
in a Kind 1a supernova. This catastrophic occasion releases 10 million
occasions extra vitality than a typical nova explosion – the equal of
20 billion, billion, billion megatons of TNT.*
The system
is barely 3,260 mild years away, shut sufficient to destroy Earth’s ozone layer and trigger mass extinctions until the planet is shielded by superior expertise.
27,000,000 AD
Smith’s Cloud is colliding and merging with our Milky Manner galaxy
Smith’s Cloud is a big, high-velocity cloud of hydrogen gasoline, measuring 11,000 mild years in size and transferring on a direct collision course with the outer spiral arms of the Milky Manner. First found in 1963, it was discovered to be roughly 40,000 mild years from Earth, mendacity exterior the galactic airplane and transferring at a whole bunch of kilometres per second.
Initially, it was thought to have crossed the immense void of intergalactic area on its lengthy journey in the direction of the Milky Way.* Subsequent observations, nonetheless, later revealed that it had originated from one other a part of the Milky Manner, some 70 million years beforehand. Like a boomerang impact, it was within the means of heading again to its galactic residence.*
The cloud was predicted to succeed in the galactic airplane in 27 million AD. By this date, it has collided and begun merging with part of the Perseus Arm, one of the major spiral arms of the Milky Way. The impact generates enormous shockwaves, triggering an intense burst of star formation – like a monstrous, slow-motion firework display. Over two million new stars are formed in that part of the galaxy, with many ending up as supernovae within a relatively short time and exploding with a billion times the brightness of our Sun.*
Credit score: NASA/ESA
30,000,000 – 40,000,000 AD
In some unspecified time in the future throughout this era, an asteroid 10-20 km in dimension comes on
a direct collision course with Earth
Impacts
of this dimension are likely to occur each 100 million years or so.* The final such occasion occurred 65m years in the past – ensuing within the extinction
of the dinosaurs.
If humanity
or its descendants are now not round to guard it, any remaining
life on the planet could also be at risk of the same mass extinction throughout
this time.
An impression
of this scale would launch round 4×1023 joules of
vitality, equal to 100 million megatons of TNT. Against this, the
strongest man-made explosion in historical past, the “Tsar Bomba”,
had a yield of solely 50 megatons.
If touchdown
within the ocean, it might produce megatsunamis reaching 1000’s of ft
excessive.
A cloud
of super-heated mud, ash and steam would unfold from the crater, as
the impactor burrowed underground in lower than a second. Excavated materials
and items of the impactor – ejected out of the ambiance by the blast
– can be heated to incandescence upon re-entry, broiling the Earth’s
floor and igniting international wildfires. In the meantime, colossal shock waves
would spawn international earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The emission
of mud and particles would cowl the whole floor of the Earth for
a number of years, probably a decade, making a harsh setting for dwelling
issues to outlive. The shock manufacturing of carbon dioxide attributable to
the destruction of carbonate rocks would set off a sudden greenhouse
impact.
Over a
longer time frame, daylight can be blocked from reaching the floor
of the earth by the mud particles within the ambiance, cooling the floor
dramatically. Photosynthesis by vegetation can be interrupted, collapsing
the whole meals chain.
Credit score: NASA
50,000,000 AD
The African continent merges with Europe, forming a brand new mountain vary to
rival the Himalayas
The Mediterranean now not exists. The Crimson Sea, Black Sea
and Caspian Sea have additionally disappeared. In the meantime, the Atlantic Ocean
has continued to widen, and southeast Asia is merging with Australia.
100,000,000 AD
The rings of Saturn have disappeared
The rings of Saturn have been first noticed by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. Subsequent research by Giovanni Cassini in 1675 confirmed that there have been the truth is a number of smaller rings with gaps between them. In 1789, the primary moon inside the ring system – Enceladus – was discovered by William Herschel. In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that the rings couldn’t be stable or they might develop into unstable and break aside. He proposed that the rings should be composed of quite a few small particles, all independently orbiting the gasoline big. Maxwell’s principle was ultimately confirmed to be appropriate, by means of spectroscopic evaluation by James Keeler in 1895.
Throughout the twentieth and early twenty first centuries, area probes recognized a complete collection of latest moons – growing Saturn’s whole variety of identified satellites virtually tenfold. A few of these objects have been discovered to be travelling contained in the gaps of the rings, clearing paths by means of the particles.* They ranged in dimension, relying on their proximity to Saturn – the farther from the planet, the bigger they have been. Primarily based on these info, and different proof, it was believed that internal moons had initially accreted from ring particles, then moved outward, away from the planet, steadily merging with different moons on the way in which. This means of satellite tv for pc formation was thought to have ended, because the rings have been too depleted to provide extra objects of great mass. It was additionally calculated that a lot of the materials needed to have originated from the Kuiper Belt some 4.4 billion years beforehand, with smaller quantities coming from the extra distant Oort Cloud and interstellar area.*
Later within the twenty first century, more and more subtle robots have been capable of examine the rings at excessive shut vary, sending again photos and video whereas additionally acquiring samples of rock and ice. This unusual alien setting, measuring simply 10-20m (33-66ft) in vertical thickness, ultimately grew to become a vacationer vacation spot for transhuman explorers.
These shiny and delightful rings wouldn’t final, nonetheless. Over time, they have been slowly being bombarded by micrometeoroids – trillions of tiny collisions eroding their construction and darkening their look. Materials was additionally being liberated by charged particles emanating from the magnetosphere, mixed with gravitational affect of the moons. By 100 million AD, Saturn’s rings have largely disappeared.**
The Milky Manner has stabilised from an earlier collision
Our galaxy is surrounded by dozens of smaller dwarf galaxies. These will often cross by means of the disk of the Milky Manner, disrupting each it and the incoming satellite tv for pc. One such collision occurred in roughly 100 million BC. This was confirmed by observations of 300,000 close by stars, whose motions indicated a reverberation or “ringing” like a bell. The celebs have been discovered to be transferring up and down at speeds of 20-30 kilometres per second whereas orbiting the centre of the galaxy at 220 kilometres per second.
It will take an additional 100 million years (from the time of this remark) for this movement to stabilise and for the Milky Option to cease reverberating. By now, the north-south asymmetry has disappeared and the vertical motions of stars within the photo voltaic neighborhood have reverted again to their equilibrium orbits.*
150,000,000 AD
The Atlantic Ocean begins to shut
The mid-Atlantic ridge is inflicting the Americas and Africa to maneuver again collectively.
Australia has totally merged with Indonesia.
180,000,000 AD
Earth has a 25 hour day
Ever for the reason that formation of the Moon – round 4.5 billion years BC – it has receded from the Earth. At first, the extraordinarily shut relationship between the 2 our bodies created a day-night cycle of simply six hours on Earth. This elevated to 24 hours by the Holocene.
The gravitational interplay continued to say no, millimetre by millimetre, resulting in an additional second being added to Earth’s day by 52,000 AD and an additional minute by 3,000,000 AD. An additional hour has been added by 180,000,000 AD, which means Earth now has a 25 hour day.*
225,000,000 AD
Sol completes one galactic 12 months
By now,
our Solar has accomplished one other clockwise revolution across the galaxy
– the twenty first in its lifetime thus far.
The Solar’s
orbit is roughly elliptical, with perturbations because of the galactic
spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. As well as, the Solar
oscillates up and down relative to the galactic airplane, round 2.7 occasions
per orbit.
The Solar’s
passage by means of the upper density spiral arms has coincided with mass
extinctions on Earth, because of elevated impression occasions.
The orbital
pace of the Photo voltaic System across the centre of the Galaxy is roughly
251 km/s.
250,000,000 AD
A supercontinent is forming on Earth
The following
Pangea – Pangea Ultima – is forming, with the entire main continents
transferring again collectively, surrounding a small ocean basin.
Our Solar
is turning into noticeably hotter and brighter, elevating international temperatures
by a number of levels. A lot of Earth is now coated by deserts.
600,000,000 AD
Complete photo voltaic eclipses are now not potential on Earth
On account of
tidal acceleration, the gap of the Moon from the Earth has been
growing by roughly 3.8cm every year. By 600 million AD, the
distance has elevated by almost 23,000 km. On the identical time, the Solar
has been rising in dimension by a big quantity.
Because of this,
the Moon is now not sufficiently big within the sky to fully cowl the
Solar’s disk, making whole eclipses not possible. That is true even when
the Moon is at perigee and the Earth is at aphelion.
The lowered
gravitational affect of the Moon is affecting Earth’s oceans – with
smaller waves and fewer variation in tide heights.
750,000,000 AD
The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy has been absorbed into the bigger Milky Manner
The Sagittarius
dwarf elliptical galaxy (Sag DEG) is a tiny satellite tv for pc galaxy orbiting
the Milky Manner. For aeons, it has been stretched and torn aside by the
immense tidal forces of its neighbour. By now, it has been fully
absorbed into the Milky Manner.*
When first
found, astronomers thought that Sag DEG had already reached an
superior stage of destruction. Nevertheless, later observations confirmed that
it nonetheless had coherence, as a dispersed elongated ellipse. It appeared
to be transferring in a roughly polar orbit across the Milky Manner, reaching
as shut as 50,000 mild years from the galactic core. Laptop simulations
indicated that stars ripped out from the dwarf can be unfold out in
an enormous “stellar stream” alongside its path, and these have been subsequently
confirmed.
Sag DEG
might have orbited the Milky Manner as many as ten occasions, previous to being
swallowed up. Its capacity to retain some coherence, regardless of such strains,
would point out an unusually excessive degree of darkish matter in that galaxy.
1,000,000,000 AD
Earth is turning into too scorching to help liquid water
The Solar’s luminosity has elevated by 10%, inflicting Earth’s floor temperatures to succeed in a mean of 47°C (116°F).* Because the
seas and oceans start to evaporate, the ambiance is turning into laden with water vapour,
creating an intense greenhouse impact. Mars is definitely turning into extra
liveable throughout this time.*
Credit score: NASA/JPL-Caltech
3,600,000,000 AD
Triton exceeds the Roche restrict of Neptune
Triton is by far the biggest of the Neptunian moons, comprising 99.5% of the mass orbiting round Neptune, and the one one of many ice big’s pure satellites huge sufficient to be spheroidal. For aeons, tidal interactions have prompted Triton’s orbit to decay by a number of centimetres every year. By now, it’s passing by means of the Roche restrict – the gap from a celestial physique inside which a second celestial physique, held collectively solely by its personal pressure of gravity, will disintegrate as a result of the primary physique’s tidal forces exceed the second physique’s gravitational self-attraction. Triton turns into extra elongated, inflicting gigantic fissures alongside its floor, earlier than the immense gravitational forces set off a spectacular break up. The remnants will ultimately kind a brand new ring system as dramatic as that of Saturn within the distant previous.*
3,800,000,000 AD
The Andromeda Galaxy has begun to collide and merge with our personal Milky Manner galaxy
The earliest recorded remark of Andromeda – the closest spiral galaxy to our personal – was made within the 12 months 964. Persian astronomer, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, described the item as a “small cloud”. The primary description primarily based on telescopic remark was given by German astronomer Simon Marius in 1612. Charles Messier catalogued it as M31 in 1764 and incorrectly credited Marius because the discoverer, unaware of Al Sufi’s earlier work. The primary pictures have been taken in 1887 by Isaac Roberts, and the primary radio maps have been produced within the Fifties by John Baldwin.
Later observations confirmed the dimensions, distance and velocity of Andromeda. It was discovered to be the biggest galaxy within the Native Group, with over a trillion stars – no less than twice as many because the Milky Manner. It was 2.5 million mild years from Earth and transferring at 250,000 miles per hour. It was additionally discovered to be on a collision course: heading immediately in the direction of the Milky Manner.
By 3,800,000,000 AD, a full-scale merger is underway.** A single, big elliptical galaxy will ultimately be fashioned. Stars and
planets inside every galaxy virtually by no means collide, nonetheless, as galaxies
are extraordinarily diffuse. Such mergers
are the truth is comparatively widespread. Andromeda, for instance, collided
with no less than one different galaxy within the distant previous.
Click on to view animation
Credit score: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas, and A. Mellinger
5,000,000,000 AD
Sol is a pink big
The
internal planets of the Photo voltaic System have been destroyed and absorbed by
the ballooning Solar. Its radius has now expanded by over 200 occasions.
12,000,000,000 AD
Sol is shrinking to develop into a black dwarf
Most of
the Solar’s mass has been ejected, forming a planetary nebula. Having
ended its important sequence life, it now begins to chill and dim – slowly altering
from a dense white dwarf into a chilly, inactive black dwarf.
100,000,000,000 AD
The Virgo Supercluster is converging right into a single galaxy
The Virgo
Supercluster – containing a whole bunch of smaller clusters together with our
personal – is now so historic that it has begun to stabilise and converge
right into a single enormous galaxy, many hundreds of thousands of sunshine years throughout.
Different superclusters
are additionally converging, however are actually separated from one another by billions
of sunshine years because of the acceleration of darkish vitality.
Credit score: Bell
State College
1,000,000,000,000 AD
Star formation is declining in lots of galaxies*
A major share of galaxies are starting
to “burn out”, having been depleted of the gasoline clouds required
to kind stars.
2,000,000,000,000 AD
Galaxies past the Native Supercluster are now not seen*
Darkish vitality
has continued to drive the growth of the universe at an ever-accelerating
charge. By now, the quantity of the universe is so nice – and the pace
of acceleration so excessive – that every part past the Native Supercluster
is now not seen.
Even for
the very best vitality gamma rays, a redshift of 1053 means their
wavelength is stretched to larger than the bodily diameter of the
horizon.
As a result of
of this, any remaining clever life at the moment might now not have the option
to acquire new empirical knowledge on the state of large-scale constructions
on scales noticed prior to now.
20,000,000,000,000 AD
Crimson dwarf stars are dying*
By now,
even a number of the longest-lived stars in our galaxy – corresponding to pink dwarfs
– have begun to fade away, forsaking solely chilly “black dwarfs”
emitting hint quantities of radiation. This contains as soon as well-known stars
corresponding to Proxima Centauri, Barnard’s Star and Wolf 359. The
Milky Manner galaxy is turning into a darkish, empty place dominated by monumental
blackholes.
100,000,000,000,000 AD
The top of the stellar period*
The final
few important sequence stars in our universe are vanishing now.
The one stellar-mass objects now remaining lively are white dwarfs, neutron
stars and black holes. Brown dwarfs additionally stay.
Planets
in all places have been dislodged from their earlier orbits and left drifting
as “rogues”, with many ending up in black holes.
2,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 AD
Tellurium-128 reaches the top of its half-life
Tellurium is a brittle, silver-white metalloid which appears to be like much like tin. It’s way more widespread within the universe as a complete than it’s on Earth. Its excessive rarity within the Earth’s crust – corresponding to that of platinum – is partly because of its excessive atomic quantity, but additionally because of its formation of a unstable hydride which prompted the aspect to be misplaced to area as a gasoline throughout the scorching nebular formation of the planet.
Naturally occurring tellurium has eight isotopes. 5 of these isotopes are steady. The opposite three are radioactive. Tellurium-128 has the longest identified half-life of any identified unstable isotope, at 2.2 septillion years, or 2.2×1024 years.*
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 AD
The degenerate period of the universe
On this
period, the one vitality being generated within the universe is thru proton
decay and particle annihilation. Neutron stars, white dwarfs and black
holes are actually the one remaining objects. On account of excessive age, all of
the planets and moons have disintegrated and decayed into their constituent
atomic particles, or else been absorbed into stellar remnants.
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 AD
The black gap period of the universe
Solely black
holes and subatomic particles stay. The universe has expanded a lot
that these particular person particles could also be separated from one another by
really monumental distances. Black holes themselves are actually evaporating
by Hawking radiation.*
Past
10100
The darkish period of the universe
The final
remaining black gap has evaporated.
From this
level onwards the universe consists solely of photons, neutrinos, electrons
and positrons – with no means of interacting with one another.
The universe
continues to broaden ceaselessly… however is actually useless.
